Bókstafstrú

Bókstafstrú
Samantekt: A kaþólsku útsýni af Christian bókstafstrú með sögu, lista yfir fimm grundvallaratriði og greina merki hreyfingarinnar. Þú getur fundið þetta (og aðrar greinar) á: http://www.catholic.com/library/Fundamentalism.asp bókstafstrú


Bókstafstrú er tiltölulega ný tegund af mótmælendatrú byrjaði í Ameríku sem hefur dregist a gríðarstór hópur stuðningsmanna, þar á meðal margir fallið burt kaþólskir. Hvernig kom þetta fjöldahreyfing uppruna? Saga bókstafstrú má skoða sem hafa þrjú helstu áföngum. Fyrsta entist einni kynslóð frá 1890s að mælar "Monkey prufa" frá 1925. Í þessu tímabili, bókstafstrú fram sem viðbrögð við frelsi í þróun í American mótmælendatrú; það brotnaði af, en aldrei alveg frá Evangelicalism, þar sem það kann að vera talin ein væng. Í öðrum áfanga þess, framhjá það frá opinberum skoða, en aldrei í raun horfið eða jafnvel misst jörð. Að lokum, bókstafstrú kom athygli þjóðarinnar aftur í kringum 1970, og það hefur notið töluverður vöxtur.

Hvað hefur verið sérstaklega á óvart er að kaþólikkar virðast að mynda óhófleg hluti af nýliða. Kaþólska kirkjan í Ameríku nær um fjórðungur íbúa landsins, svo einn gæti búist við um fjórðungur af nýjum Fundamentalists hafa verið kaþólskir í einu. En í mörgum Fundamentalist safnaða, einhvers staðar frá einum þriðja til helmingi af meðlimum átti einu sinni til í kaþólsku kirkjunni. Þetta er mismunandi í kringum landið, eftir því hversu stór innfæddur kaþólska íbúa er.

Fundamentalist kirkjum í Suður hafa fáir umbreyta frá kaþólska kirkjan þar aldrei hafa verið margir kaþólikkar í flestum hlutum Suður-Evrópu. Í Norðaustur-og Midwest, þar sem kaþólikkar eru algengari og finnur einn fyrrverandi kaþólikkar gera upp meirihluta sumra Fundamentalist safnaða. Og á Suðvesturlandi, með sína verulega
Spænskur íbúa, fyrrverandi kaþólikkar eru safnaðarins. Raunar hefur það verið talið að einn af sex Hispanics í þessu landi er nú Fundamentalist. Tuttugu ár síðan það var nánast engin Rómönsku Fundamentalists.


Bókstafstrú: tiltölulega ný


Þó að uppruna hugtaksins "Fundamentalist" hefur a sæmilega einfaldur sögu, sjálf hefur för á fleiri rugla uppruna. Það var enginn einstaklingur sökkva, né var þar einn atburð sem precipitated tilkomu hennar. Að sjálfsögðu heimta Fundamentalist rithöfundar sem bókstafstrú er ekkert annað en framhald af Christian rétttrúnaði. Samkvæmt þessari kenningu, bókstafstrú blómstraði í þrjá aldir eftir Krist, gekk neðanjarðar í tólf hundruð ár surfaced aftur við siðaskipti tóku þess drepur úr ýmsum áttum, og var til skiptis áberandi eða minnkað áhrif hennar og sýnileika. Í stuttu máli, samkvæmt partisans þess, bókstafstrú og alltaf hefur verið Christian leifar, að trúr, sem enn á eftir restinni af kristni (ef það getur jafnvel verið veitt titli) hefur fallið í fráfalls.

Þangað til nær 100 árum síðan, bókstafstrú eins og við þekkjum það væri ekki sérstakt för innan mótmælendatrú, og orðið sjálft var nánast óþekktur. Þeir sem myndu vera í dag sem heitir Fundamentalists voru áður ýmist Baptists, Presbyterians, eða aðilar nokkur önnur Sértrúarsöfnuður. En á síðasta áratug nítjándu öld, blöð komu á yfirborðið sem gerði þær að byrja að draga sig út úr mainline mótmælendatrú.

Málefnin voru: félagsmál fagnaðarerindisins, a frelsi og secularizing stefna innan mótmælendatrú sem reyndi að veikja Christian skilaboð, sem gerir það að einungis félagslega og pólitíska dagskrá, en faðmi Darwinism, sem virtust til að hringja í efa áreiðanleika ritning, og meiri gagnrýni á Biblían sem er upprunnið í Þýskalandi.

Til að mæta þeirri áskorun fram af þessari þróun, snemma Fundamentalist leiðtoga sameinast um nokkrar grundvallarreglur, en það var ekki fyrr en birting röð af bindum, sem heitir Undirstöðuatriði sem hreyfingin fékk nafnið sitt.

The grunnþáttum bókstafstrú var mótuð næstum nákvæmlega öld síðan á Presbyterian guðfræðingur Seminary í Princeton, New Jersey, sem BB Warfield og Charles Hodge, meðal annarra. Það sem þeir framleiða varð þekkt sem Princeton guðfræði, og það skotið að íhaldssamt Protestants sem voru umhugað um frelsi í þróun félagsmál Fagnaðarerindið för, hver var að ná gufu á sama tíma.

Í 1909 bræðurnir Milton og Lyman Stewart, sem fé kom frá olíuvinnslu, voru ábyrg fyrir sölutryggingu röð tólf bindum sem ber heitið The Undirstöðuatriði. Það voru 64 sem stuðlar að, þar á meðal fræðimanna á borð við James Orr, WJ Eerdman, hCG Moule, James M. Gray, og Warfield sjálfan sig, eins og heilbrigður eins Episcopalian biskupar, Presbyterian ráðherrar, Methodist evangelists, og jafnvel að Egyptologist. Eins og Edward Dobson, sem er félagi prestur á Jerry Falwell's Thomas Road Baptist Church, samantekt á samstarfi: "Þeir voru vissulega ekki gegn vitsmunalegum, Snake-meðhöndlun, cultic, obscurantist ofstækismaður."

Formálanum að magn útskýrt tilgang þeirra: "Í 1909 Guð færð tvö Christian leikmaður að leggja til hliðar til mikið fé til útgáfu tólf bindi, sem myndi setja fram grundvallarþætti kristinnar trúar, og var að senda ókeypis að Ráðherrarnir fagnaðarerindisins, trúboðar, sunnudagur skóla superintendents, og aðrir sem stunda árásargjarn Christian vinna gegn enskumælandi heimi. "

Þrjár milljónir eintaka af the röð var dreift. Harry Fosdick, a guðfræðileg frjálslynda, skrifaði grein í The Christian Century kallast "Eigum við Fundamentalists Vinna?" Hann notaði Titill bækur tilnefna fólk sem hann var andstæða og merki hann er upprunnið varð almennt notað til að auðkenna þá sem fylgt grundvallarþætti.

Æðsti kenningum er að finna í röð er hægt að minnka til fimm: (I) innblástur og hvaða höfundar kalla infallibility Ritningarinnar, (2) the guðdómleik Krists (þar á meðal Virgin fæðingu hans), (3) the substitutionary sætt af dauða hans , (4) bókstaflegri upprisu hans frá dauðum, og (5) bókstaflegri sneri aftur á endurkomu.


The Five Undirstöðuatriði


viðhorf Fundamentalists 'í átt að Biblían sé Keystone af trú þeirra. skilning þeirra á innblástur og inerrancy kemur frá hugmyndinni Benjamin Warfield á Norðurlandaráðsþingi-munnleg innblástur, sem þýðir að upprunalega eiginhandaráritanir (handrit) í Biblíunni eru öll innblásin og innblástur nær ekki bara til að skilaboðin Guð vildi flytja, heldur til mjög orð valin af helgu rithöfundar.

Þó að kenningar um innblástur og inerrancy Biblíunnar er algengasta nefna grunn hornsteinn Fundamentalist trú, að rökrétt áður en kenningar er Goð Krists. Í kaþólsku er Goð hans tekið annaðhvort orð aðili og infallible kirkjunnar eða vegna þess að dispassionate athugun á Biblíunni og snemma Christian saga sýnir að hann má hafa verið það sem hann kallaði að vera Guð.

Flestir kaþólikkar, sem Raunhæft þiggja guðdómleika hans byggist á fyrri aðferð; margir-the apologist Arnold Lunn er gott dæmi um notkun á síðarnefnda. Í báðum tilvikum, það er ákveðin skynsemi sem taka þátt í kaþólsku's faðmi þessa kenningu. Fyrir marga Fundamentalists, sem trygging guðdómleika Kristur kemur ekki í gegnum ástæðu, eða jafnvel í gegnum trú á kaþólska merkingu orðsins, en í gegnum innri, persónuleg reynsla.

Eins Warfield setja það, "Æðsta sönnun á alla kristna sem Goð Drottins hans er í eigin innri reynslu sína á að breyta krafti Drottins hans á hjarta og líf." Ein afleiðing þessa hefur orðið harmkvælum ljóst að margir Fundamentalists: Þegar einn fellur í synd, þegar ardor sem var staddur á viðskipti dofnar, sem umbreyta orku Krists virðist fara og svo má er trú í Goð hans. Þessi reikningur fyrir marga defections frá bókstafstrú til agnosticism og veraldarhyggju; the tenuous grundvöllur fyrir trú á Fundamentalist nær ekki upp fyrir myrkrinu nóttin sálar. Þegar að myrkrið kemur, Fundamentalist hefur engin rök fyrir von eða trú.

Sem appendage að kenningunni um guðdómleik Krists, og telst jafn mikilvægt í Undirstöðuatriði er Virgin Fæðing-enda þótt sumir Fundamentalists á lista fyrir sig, sem leiðir í sex undirstöðu kenningum frekar en fimm. Maður gæti búist við að raunveruleika himnaríki og helvíti eða tilvist Trinity að vera næstur, en Virgin Fæddur er talin nauðsynleg kenningar þar sem það verndar trú á guðdómleik Krists. Eitt ætti að hafa í huga, þó að þegar Fundamentalists tala um fæðingu Krists frá mær, þeir meina að María var mey aðeins fyrr fæðingu hans. sameiginlegur skilningur þeirra er að Mary síðar hafði önnur börn, sem vitna um scriptural leið að vísa til "bræður Krists."

Í viðbrögðum við félagsmál Fagnaðarerindið talsmenn, sem sagði Kristur gaf ekkert meira en gott siðferðilegt fordæmi, því snemma Fundamentalists krafðist þess að þriðji kenningar þeirra, þ.e. að hann dó substitutionary dauða. Hann er ekki aðeins tók syndir okkar, fékk hann refsingu sem hefði verið okkar. Hann var í raun refsað af föður í stað okkar.

Á spurning um upprisuna, ekki Fundamentalists öðruvísi ekki frá Rétttrúnaðar kaþólskir. Þeir telja að Kristur reis líkamlega frá dauðum, ekki bara andlega. upprisu hans var ekki sameiginlegar ofskynjanir af fylgjendur hans, né eitthvað fundin upp af Pious rithöfundar á síðari árum. Það gerðist í raun, og til þess að neita því að afneita áreiðanleika ritning er.

The deilt efni meðal Fundamentalists sér, fjallar um fimmta trú skráð í Undirstöðuatriði, the Second Coming. Það er einróma samkomulagi sem Kristur mun líkamlega aftur til Jarðar, en nákvæm dagsetning hefur verið deilt. Sumir segja að það verði áður en árþúsund, þúsund ára gullöld með Kristi líkamlega ríkja á jörðinni. Aðrir segja að það muni vera eftir að öld. Aðrir segja að árþúsund er himneskur dögum Krists og að það verði ekki gullöld á jörðinni fyrir síðast dóm. Sumir Fundamentalists einnig trúa á Rapture, the líkamlegur taka til himins á sanna trú áður en þrenging eða tíma vandræði sem á undan öld. Aðrir finna ekki scriptural grundvöllur fyrir slíkri trú.

Slík eru fimm (eða sex) Helstu kenningar fjallað er um í bókum sem gáfu bókstafstrú heiti þess. En þeir eru ekki endilega skoðanir sem flestra greina bókstafstrú í dag. Til dæmis heyrist sjaldan mikið rætt um Virgin fæðing, þó að það er engin spurning að Fundamentalists enn trúa þessa kenningu. Þvert á almenningi, og að mestu Fundamentalists sig, í dag bókstafstrú hefur mismunandi fókus.


Greina Marks


Þeirri trú að fyrst og fremst að skilgreina einkenni Fundamentalists er háður þeirra á Biblíunni að ljúka eingöngu þau yfirvöld beita kirkjuna. The second er kröfu sína á trú á Krist sem persónulega Drottinn sjálfur 'og frelsari.

"Heldur þú að samþykkja Krist sem persónulega Drottinn yðar og frelsara?" Þeir spyrja. "Hefur þú verið vistuð?" Þetta er unmodified Christian individualism, sem á að maðurinn er vistuð, án þess að íhuga tengsl hans við kirkjuna, sem er söfnuður, eða einhver annar. Það er einn-á-mann tengsl við ekki í samfélaginu, ekki sakramentunum, bara einstaklingur Christian og Drottinn honum. Og Christian vita þegar hann hefur verið vistaður, niður í klukkutíma og mínútu hjálpræði hans, því að hjálpræði hans kom þegar hann "tók" Krists. Það kom eins og a glampi.

Í því augnablik, margir Fundamentalists trúa, er frelsun þeirra tryggð. Það er nú ekkert að geta losa það. Án þess augnablik, sem stendur um staðfestingu maður væri skapadómur til eilífs helvítis. Og þess vegna er þriðji mest áberandi einkenni bókstafstrú er áherslan á boðun. Ef syndarar gera verða ekki sams konar frelsun reynslu Fundamentalists hafa hlotið, þeir munu fara til helvítis. Fundamentalists skynja ber skylda til að breiða út sína trú hvað getur verið kærleiksríkur en að gefa öðrum tækifæri til sleppi helvítis?-Og þeir hafa oft verið árangursríkari.

árangur þeirra er að hluta til vegna þess að aga sína. Fyrir alla sem tengjast þeirra um kaþólsku kirkjunnar að vera "regla-hlaðinn," Það eru kannski ekki kristnir sem starfa í fleiri regimented hátt. reglum ekki Biblíunni reglum þeirra, kannski einn bæta við-ná ekki bara til að trú og trúarleg starfsemi til, en til hliðar daglegs lífs. Flestir eru kunnugir strictures þeirra á að drekka, fjárhættuspil, dansi og reykingar.

Fundamentalists einnig eru ákaflega þátt í staðbundnum söfnuðum sínum. Margir koma aftur til kaþólsku kirkjunnar frá bókstafstrú kvarta þessi eins Fundamentalists þeir höfðu ekki tíma eða pláss fyrir sig, allt með miðju í kringum kirkjuna. Allir vinir þeirra voru meðlimir, og allar þeirra félagslífi voru sett á svið með það. Ekki til setu miðvikudagskvöld þjónustu (til viðbótar við einn eða tvo þjónustu á sunnudag), en ekki til að taka þátt í Biblíunni rannsóknir og æskulýðsmála hópa, ekki að klæða sig og starfa eins og allir aðrir í söfnuðinum, þau strax setja einn utan föl, og í litlu kirkjuna (nokkrir Fundamentalist kirkjur hafa fleiri en hundrað meðlimir) þetta þýddi að ostracized, a hljóður boð til laga eða til að dýrka annars staðar.

Engu að síður, þrátt fyrir gagnrýni Fundamentalists stundum tekið á móti, gera þeir takast á hendur praiseworthy verkefni tolla ákveðnum takka Christian tenets í þjóðfélagi, sem hefur allt of oft gleymast um Krist.

NIHIL OBSTAT: Ég hef komist að þeirri niðurstöðu að efni
fram í þessu starfi eru án kenningarlegar eða siðferðilegan villur.
Bernadeane Carr, STL, ritskoðunar Librorum, 10 ágúst 2004

IMPRIMATUR: Í samræmi við 1983 CIC 827
leyfi til að birta þessa vinnu er hér með veitt.
+ Robert H. Brom, biskup í San Diego, 10 ágúst 2004

Sona er Island i dag

Kæuru vinir það eru lika motorhjol i umferðini og endilega hægið a ikur a ganamotum ut a landi og endilega hætið að tala i siman a meðan þið eruð að keyra bil það er frekar heymskulegt þið eru ekkert að filgast með og ekki glyma að geva stefnu ljos in og utur hring torgi og Þegar þið eruð að taka begu eg get haldið afram TAKK

Cardinals tell stories of their vocation

The Divine Mercy Prayer in a Song

The Gates of Hell Shall Not Prevail

Matthew 16 Baby! Gates of Hell by Akalyte is available on Itunes or at phatmass.com Enjoy

Salvation

The conception of Christ's atonement is a central issue which separates Catholic (and Eastern Orthodox) Christians from the heretical Protestants, who misunderstand both the Lord's Incarnation and the all-loving nature of God.  Namely, we do not believe, and it is a BIG mistake to believe, that God the Father demanded the cruel torture and death of His only Beloved Son --the worse sin mankind ever committed.  No. God the Father does not demand sin. God the Father is not some wrathful "Germanic sky god" (e.g. Odin), and He did not demand the death of Jesus so as to satisfy some sense of 'wrathful justice.' To believe this (as most Protestants do) is a form of Arianism, in that it makes the loving nature of Jesus something distinct from the "wrathful and just" nature of the Father.   Rather, the Father is "one in Being with the Son," and He did not demand the cruel torture and death of the Son. Rather, WE are the ones who demanded the cruel torture and death of Jesus. The Father merely demanded that Jesus go to the ultimate human extent of  loving us (i.e., "Greater love has no man than to lay down his life for those he loves.").

The best way to explain this mystery is to look at if from the point of view of the Bridegroom-and-Bride motif that runs all through Scripture.  Jesus, the New and sinless Adam, is born as a man. However, He is not a man like the rest of us, since He is not fallen like the rest of us, but is completely without sin, which is what makes Him the New Adam.  So, Jesus the New Adam has our human nature as it should be, but not as it is.  Thus, something more needs to be done in order for Him to save us --- that is, a "connection" (Covenant) needs to be made between us and the sinless New Adam.  That Covenant will be a one-Flesh Covenant, just like a marriage covenant.  Thus, the New Adam comes to us as the Bridegroom, and wishes to become "one-flesh" with us, the Bride.  Now, it was quite possible for sinful mankind (the Bride) to accept the Incarnate Jesus just as He was, and so become "one flesh" with Him in holiness (i.e. this is how Jesus was able to give Himself to His followers in the Eucharist at the Last Supper -- that is, before His passion and death on the Cross).  Yet, since mankind as a whole would not accept Jesus and become "one flesh" with Him in holiness, Jesus was forced (by the demands of love) to become one flesh with us in sin.  This is what was happening in the Garden of Gethsemane, and why Jesus was so upset -- because He was taking our sins onto Himself; and for the first time in His human life, the sinless New Adam felt the guilt, fear, dirtiness, and desperation that is associated with sin -- something He had no "knowledge" (intimate experience) of before. Because He, like His mother (and like Adam and Eve before the fall) literally had no idea what sin is like. And, as a still-sinless (guiltless) Person, He could clearly see the horror of sin - let alone the sins of ALL of us combined!    

By taking our sins onto Himself, Jesus was then compelled to pay the price for them under the Law and that price was death.  Thus, the sinless Bridegroom, becoming one-flesh with the Bride (sinful humanity) in the only way She would let Him become one-flesh with her, takes on her sins, and dies for her, thus completing His Incarnation and His solidarity with sinners, and making forgiveness in His Name possible for everyone. This is why Jesus had to suffer and die, and not because of some arbitrary standard of justice imposed by the Father, but because of our refusal to become one-flesh with Him in any other way.  

Essentially, when we say that Jesus "took our sins onto Himself" or that He "became sin," all that we mean is that the sinless New Adam united Himself to our sinful humanity in a very real but mysterious way. Yet, this by no means implies that He Himself became guilty of sin - whether our sins of a sin of His own.  Rather, in an act of solidarity and Covenantal intimacy, Jesus stood where any one of us (or all of us) should justly stand before the Law of God -- that is, as someone condemned to death ("death" being the wages of sin), and gave everything He could give as a human being (a perfect human being) -- His human life -- in order to redeem His fellow human beings --His Bride.  This is what Adam should have offered to do for the sake of his bride Eve in the garden. But, instead of interceding with God for her (or offering to pay the punishment for her), Adam joined Eve in the guilt of sin. This is why Jesus had to come -- why there had to be a Messiah Who could redeem, not one person (one bride), but all of us via an act of solidarity with us. And this is precisely how we can say. "Having thus established him in solidarity with us sinners, God "did not spare his own Son but gave him up for us all", so that we might be "reconciled to God by the death of his Son". (CCC,407)

And this "solidarity with us sinners" (which is more than mere solidarity but a literal, one-flesh Covenant) is pointed to all through Jesus' ministry, beginning with His baptism in the Jordan by John -- an act in which He Who was all-holy submitted to a baptism of repentance when He had nothing to Personally repent for!   That is precisely what anointed Jesus (with the Holy Spirit) as the Messiah, and what began Him on His road to the Cross.  That is, in submitting to John's baptism of repentance, and so offering to equate Himself (His perfect and sinless self) with us sinners, Jesus, the New Adam, became what the first Adam failed to be -- the intercessory Messiah, and Son of God in the truest sense - something only the eternal Son of God could do.  

Mark Bonocore
The Catholic Legate
March 24, 2004

Catholic Charity Brings Hope to Palestine

Fundamentalism

Summary: A Catholic view of Christian fundamentalism with a history, a list of the five fundamentals and the distinguishing marks of the movement. You can find this (and other articles) at: http://www.catholic.com/library/Fundamentalism.asp Fundamentalism


Fundamentalism is a relatively new brand of Protestantism started in America that has attracted a tremendous following, including many fallen away Catholics. How did this popular movement originate? The history of Fundamentalism may be viewed as having three main phases. The first lasted a generation, from the 1890s to the Scopes "Monkey Trial" of 1925. In this period, Fundamentalism emerged as a reaction to liberalizing trends in American Protestantism; it broke off, but never completely, from Evangelicalism, of which it may be considered one wing. In its second phase, it passed from public view, but never actually disappeared or even lost ground. Finally, Fundamentalism came to the nation's attention again around 1970, and it has enjoyed considerable growth.

What has been particularly surprising is that Catholics seem to constitute a disproportionate share of the new recruits. The Catholic Church in America includes about a quarter of the country's inhabitants, so one might expect about a quarter of new Fundamentalists to have been Catholics at one time. But in many Fundamentalist congregations, anywhere from one-third to one-half of the members once belonged to the Catholic Church. This varies around the country, depending on how large the native Catholic population is.

Fundamentalist churches in the South have few converts from Catholicism because there never have been many Catholics in most parts of the South. In the Northeast and Midwest, where Catholics are more common, one finds former Catholics making up a majority of some Fundamentalist congregations. And in the Southwest, with its substantial
Hispanic population, former Catholics are the congregation. Indeed, it has been estimated that one out of six Hispanics in this country is now a Fundamentalist. Twenty years ago there were almost no Hispanic Fundamentalists.

 
Fundamentalism: Relatively New


While the origin of the term "Fundamentalist" has a fairly simple history, the movement itself has a more confused origin. There was no individual founder, nor was there a single event that precipitated its advent. Of course, Fundamentalist writers insist that Fundamentalism is nothing but a continuation of Christian orthodoxy. According to this theory, Fundamentalism flourished for three centuries after Christ, went underground for twelve hundred years, surfaced again with the Reformation, took its knocks from various sources, and was alternately prominent or diminished in its influence and visibility. In short, according to its partisans, Fundamentalism always has been the Christian remnant, the faithful who remain after the rest of Christianity (if it can even be granted the title) has fallen into apostasy.

Until almost 100 years ago, Fundamentalism as we know it was not a separate movement within Protestantism, and the word itself was virtually unknown. Those people who today would be called Fundamentalists were formerly either Baptists, Presbyterians, or members of some other specific sect. But in the last decade of the nineteenth-century, issues came to the fore that made them start to withdraw from mainline Protestantism.

The issues were: the Social Gospel, a liberalizing and secularizing trend within Protestantism that tried to weaken the Christian message, making it a merely social and political agenda; the embrace of Darwinism, which seemed to call into question the reliability of Scripture; and the higher criticism of the Bible that originated in Germany.

To meet the challenge presented by these developments, early Fundamentalist leaders united around several basic principles, but it was not until the publication of a series of volumes called The Fundamentals that the movement received its name.

The basic elements of Fundamentalism were formulated almost exactly a century ago at the Presbyterian theological seminary in Princeton, New Jersey, by B. B. Warfield and Charles Hodge, among others. What they produced became known as Princeton theology, and it appealed to conservative Protestants who were concerned with the liberalizing trends of the Social Gospel movement, which was gaining steam at about the same time.

In 1909 the brothers Milton and Lyman Stewart, whose wealth came from the oil industry, were responsible for underwriting a series of twelve volumes entitled The Fundamentals. There were 64 contributors, including scholars such as James Orr, W. J. Eerdman, H. C. G. Moule, James M. Gray, and Warfield himself, as well as Episcopalian bishops, Presbyterian ministers, Methodist evangelists, and even an Egyptologist. As Edward Dobson, an associate pastor at Jerry Falwell's Thomas Road Baptist Church, summarized the collaboration, "They were certainly not anti-intellectual, snake-handling, cultic, obscurantist fanatics."

The preface to the volumes explained their purpose: "In 1909 God moved two Christian laymen to set aside a large sum of money for issuing twelve volumes that would set forth the fundamentals of the Christian faith, and which were to be sent free of charge to ministers of the gospel, missionaries, Sunday school superintendents, and others engaged in aggressive Christian work throughout the English speaking world."

Three million copies of the series were distributed. Harry Fosdick, a theological liberal, wrote an article in The Christian Century called "Shall the Fundamentalists Win?" He used the title of the books to designate the people he was opposing, and the label he originated became commonly used to designate those who adhered to The Fundamentals.

The fundamental doctrines identified in the series can be reduced to five: (I) the inspiration and what the writers call infallibility of Scripture, (2) the deity of Christ (including his virgin birth), (3) the substitutionary atonement of his death, (4) his literal resurrection from the dead, and (5) his literal return at the Second Coming.

 
The Five Fundamentals


Fundamentalists' attitude toward the Bible is the keystone of their faith. Their understanding of inspiration and inerrancy comes from Benjamin Warfield's notion of plenary-verbal inspiration, meaning that the original autographs (manuscripts) of the Bible are all inspired and the inspiration extends not just to the message God wished to convey, but to the very words chosen by the sacred writers.

Although the doctrine of the inspiration and inerrancy of the Bible is most commonly cited as the essential cornerstone of the Fundamentalist beliefs, the logically prior doctrine is the deity of Christ. For the Catholic, his deity is accepted either on the word of the authoritative and infallible Church or because a dispassionate examination of the Bible and early Christian history shows that he must have been just what he claimed to be-God.

Most Catholics, as a practical matter, accept his divinity based upon the former method; many-the apologist Arnold Lunn is a good example-use the latter. In either case, there is a certain reasoning involved in the Catholic's embrace of this teaching. For many Fundamentalists, the assurance of Christ's divinity comes not through reason, or even through faith in the Catholic meaning of the word, but through an inner, personal experience.

As Warfield put it, "The supreme proof to every Christian of the deity of his Lord is in his own inner experience of the transforming power of his Lord upon the heart and life." One consequence of this has become painfully clear to many Fundamentalists: When one falls into sin, when the ardor that was present at conversion fades, the transforming power of Christ seems to go, and so can one's faith in his deity. This accounts for many defections from Fundamentalism to agnosticism and secularism; the tenuous basis for the Fundamentalist's beliefs does not provide for the dark night of the soul. When that darkness comes, the Fundamentalist has no reasonable basis for hope or faith.

As an appendage to the doctrine of the deity of Christ, and considered equally important in The Fundamentals, is the Virgin Birth-although some Fundamentalists list this separately, resulting in six basic doctrines rather than five. One might expect the reality of heaven and hell or the existence of the Trinity to be next, but the Virgin Birth is considered an essential doctrine since it protects belief in Christ's deity. One should keep in mind, though, that when Fundamentalists speak of Christ's birth from a virgin, they mean that Mary was a virgin only until his birth. Their common understanding is that Mary later had other children, citing the scriptural passages that refer to Christ's "brethren."

In reaction to the Social Gospel advocates, who said Christ gave nothing more than a good moral example, the early Fundamentalists insisted on their third doctrine, namely, that he died a substitutionary death. He not only took on our sins, he received the penalty that would have been ours. He was actually punished by the Father in our stead.

On the matter of the resurrection, Fundamentalists do not differ from orthodox Catholics. They believe that Christ rose physically from the dead, not just spiritually. His resurrection was not a collective hallucination of his followers, nor something invented by pious writers of later years. It really happened, and to deny it is to deny Scripture's reliability.

The most disputed topic, among Fundamentalists themselves, concerns the fifth belief listed in The Fundamentals, the Second Coming. There is unanimous agreement that Christ will physically return to Earth, but the exact date has been disputed. Some say it will be before the millennium, a thousand-year golden age with Christ physically reigning on earth. Others say it will be after the millennium. Others say that the millennium is Christ's heavenly reign and that there will be no golden age on earth before the last judgment. Some Fundamentalists also believe in the rapture, the bodily taking into heaven of true believers before the tribulation or time of trouble that precedes the millennium. Others find no scriptural basis for such a belief.

Such are the five (or six) main doctrines discussed in the books that gave Fundamentalism its name. But they are not necessarily the beliefs that most distinguish Fundamentalism today. For instance, you rarely hear much discussion about the Virgin Birth, although there is no question that Fundamentalists still believe this doctrine. Rather, to the general public, and to most Fundamentalists themselves, today Fundamentalism has a different focus.

 
Distinguishing Marks


The belief that is first and foremost the defining characteristic of Fundamentalists is their reliance on the Bible to the complete exclusion of any authority exercised by the Church. The second is their insistence on a faith in Christ as one's personal Lord and Savior.

"Do you accept Christ as your personal Lord and Savior?" they ask. "Have you been saved?" This is unmodified Christian individualism, which holds that the individual is saved, without ever considering his relationship to a church, a congregation, or anyone else. It is a one-to-one relationship, with no community, no sacraments, just the individual Christian and his Lord. And the Christian knows when he has been saved, down to the hour and minute of his salvation, because his salvation came when he "accepted" Christ. It came like a flash.

In that instant, many Fundamentalists believe, their salvation is assured. There is now nothing that can undo it. Without that instant, that moment of acceptance, a person would be doomed to eternal hell. And that is why the third most visible characteristic of Fundamentalism is the emphasis on evangelism. If sinners do not undergo the same kind of salvation experience Fundamentalists have undergone, they will go to hell. Fundamentalists perceive a duty to spread their faith-what can be more charitable than to give others a chance for escaping hell?-and they often have been successful.

Their success is partly due to their discipline. For all their talk about the Catholic Church being "rule-laden," there are perhaps no Christians who operate in a more regimented manner. Their rules-non-biblical rules, one might add-extend not just to religion and religious practices proper, but to facets of everyday life. Most people are familiar with their strictures on drinking, gambling, dancing, and smoking.

Fundamentalists also are intensely involved in their local congregations. Many people returning to the Catholic Church from Fundamentalism complain that as Fundamentalists they had no time or room for themselves; everything centered around the church. All their friends were members; all their social activities were staged by it. Not to attend Wednesday evening services (in addition to one or two services on Sunday), not to participate in the Bible studies and youth groups, not to dress and act like everyone else in the congregation-these immediately put one beyond the pale; and in a small church (few Fundamentalist churches have more than a hundred members) this meant being ostracized, a silent invitation to conform or to worship elsewhere.

Nevertheless, despite the criticism Fundamentalists sometimes receive, they do undertake the praiseworthy task of adhering to certain key Christian tenets in a society that has all too often forgotten about Christ.

NIHIL OBSTAT: I have concluded that the materials
presented in this work are free of doctrinal or moral errors.
Bernadeane Carr, STL, Censor Librorum, August 10, 2004

IMPRIMATUR: In accord with 1983 CIC 827
permission to publish this work is hereby granted.
+Robert H. Brom, Bishop of San Diego, August 10, 2004

Footprints in the Sand- Fót sporin i sandinum

have always felt Jesus presence in the most difficult times in my life.

Tradition, Scripture and the Catholic Church

How Old Is Your Church?
If you are a Lutheran, your religion was founded by Martin Luther, an ex- monk of the Catholic Church, in the year 1517.

If you belong to the Church of England, your religion was founded by King Henry VIII in the year 1534 because the Pope would not grant him a divorce with the right to remarry.

If you are a Presbyterian, your religion was founded by John Knox in Scotland in the year 1560.

If you are a Protestant Episcopalian, your religion was an offshoot of the Church of England founded by Samuel Seabury in the American colonies in the 17th century.

If you are a Congregationalist, your religion was originated by Robert Brown in Holland in 1582.

If you are a Methodist, your religion was launched by John and Charles Wesley in England in 1744.

If you are a Unitarian, Theophilus Lindley founded your church in London in 1774.

If you are a Mormon (Latter Day Saints), Joseph Smith started your religion in Palmyra, N.Y., in 1829.

If you are a Baptist, you owe the tenets of your religion to John Smyth, who launched it in Amsterdam in 1605.

If you are of the Dutch Reformed church, you recognize Michaelis Jones as founder, because he originated your religion in New York in 1628.

If you worship with the Salvation Army, your sect began with William Booth in London in 1865.

If you are a Christian Scientist, you look to 1879 as the year in which your religion was born and to Mrs. Mary Baker Eddy as its founder.

If you belong to one of the religious organizations known as 'Church of the Nazarene," "Pentecostal Gospel." "Holiness Church," "Pilgrim Holiness Church," "Jehovah's Witnesses," your religion is one of the hundreds of new sects founded by men within the past fifty years.

If you are Roman Catholic, you know that your religion was founded in the year 33 by Jesus Christ the Son of God, and it is still the same Church.